The Caribbean was the first geographical region to feel the full impact of European colonial rule in the Americas. In 1503, the Spanish Crown granted the rights to officials and soldiers in the new colonies that entitled them to obtain tribute from indigenous people in return for protection and indoctrination into the Christian faith. Colonization had a profound impact on indigenous populations and their way of life, imposing new labor regimes, forcing depopulation and changing the type and frequency of physical activity and workload. It also affected their health status, dietary practices, and ultimately, their biological and social identities. Although the effects of European colonization on Caribbean indigenous groups have been widely discussed from a historical perspective, bioarchaeological studies aiming to understand the impact of the Spanish colonial encomienda system of forced labor on indigenous health and dietary practices are still scarce. This project examines whether maternal investment was affected by the enforcement of the encomienda system, and if so, what effect these changes had on the general health and demography of the population. To answer these questions, we combine different isotope systems from sequential layers of first molar dentin to reconstruct the breastfeeding and weaning practices (BWPs) of the pre- and post-contact population of Chorro de Maita in Cuba.